Matthew,
ENTITY_TYPE and ENTITY_ID are not some kind of DB abstraction names. They are just table column names, like `id`, `username`, etc. They usually used in cross-feature components, like comments and rates.
For example in comments component we need to store in database - `blogId`, `eventId`, `photoId`. It is very inconvenient to create special field for every feature, that's why we use `entityType` - to store feature type and `entityId` to store item id. Thus, if you find DB entry containing `entityType` = 'photo' and `entityId` = 10, it means that this comment was posted to photo with `id` = 10.
Concerning ENTITY_TYPE and ENTITY_ID, they are class constants added for code completion.