User roles would be the way to go. Once you create a user role you can assign questions to that role.

The profile questions are not validated by answer, which means regardless what someone puts in a custom field there is no way (without a plugin) to sort that by the answer itself. 

Darryl is correct, you can create a user role for female and a user role for male, then you will also need to create a account type for male and one for female. 

Then when someone registers they will select male account or female account and that choice will give them the questions related to that account type, then the role permissions decides their permissions based on role.