Looks like there are only two options.
1. In the admin page/user profile page. You can set privacy on the profile details widget so guests can't see the profile details.
2. In the admin panel/user roles. You can set permissions so the guest can't see profiles at all.
To be able to see the profile with basic info only would require a custom code modification, or a plugin that would allow the admin to set visibility of base, and custom fields by user role.